publications | Carol A. Gross Lab

Gross Lab Publications

• Regulation and Function of the Heat Shock Proteins
• Genetics and Biochemistry of E. coli RNA Polymerase
• Genomic Analysis of E. coli Gene Regulation
• Reviews & Book Chapters
• Additional Topics

[Publications from 1983 to the present represent contributions originating from this laboratory. Those marked by an asterisk (*) indicate collaborations between a member of this lab and other laboratories in the field.]

Regulation and Function of the Heat Shock Protein

Herman C, Prakash S, Lu CZ, Matouschek A, Gross CA. 2003.
Lack of a Robust Unfoldase Activity Confers a Unique Level of Substrate Specificity to the Universal AAA Protease FtsH. Mol Cell. 11:659-669.

Ades SE, Grigorova IL, Gross CA. 2003. Regulation of the Alternative Sigma Factor sigma(E) during Initiation, Adaptation, and Shutoff of the Extracytoplasmic Heat Shock Response in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 185:2512-2519.

Walsh NP, Alba BM, Bose B, Gross CA, Sauer RT. 2003. OMP Peptide Signals Initiate the Envelope-Stress Response by Activating DegS Protease via Relief of Inhibition Mediated by Its PDZ Domain. Cell. 113:61-71.

Alba BM, Leeds JA, Onufryk C, Lu CZ, Gross CA. 2002. DegS and YaeL participate sequentially in the cleavage of RseA to activate the sigmaE-dependent extracytoplasmic stress response. Genes Dev. 16:2156-2168.

Wang JD, Herman C, Tipton KA, Gross CA, Weissman JS. 2002.
Directed evolution of substrate-optimized GroEL/S chaperonins.
Cell. 111:1027-1039.

Alba B.M., Zhong H.J., Pelayo J.C., Gross C.A. 2001. degS (hhoB) is an essential Escherichia coli gene whose indispensable function is to provide sigma activity. Mol. Microbiol. 40(6):1323-33.

Behrens S., Maier R., de Cock H., Schmid F.X., Gross C.A. 2001. The SurA periplasmic PPIase lacking its parvulin domains functions in vivo and has chaperone activity. EMBO J. 20(1-2):285-94.

Suh W.C., C.Z. Lu, and C.A. Gross. 1999. Structural features required for the interaction of the Hsp70 molecular chaperone DnaK with its cochaperone DnaJ. J Biol Chem. 274(43):30534-9.

Ades S.E., L.E. Connolly, B.M. Alba, and C.A. Gross. 1999. The Escherichia coli sigmaE-dependent extracytoplasmic stress response is controlled by the regulated proteolysis of an anti-sigma factor. Genes Dev. 13(18):2449-61.

Suh W.C., W.F. Burkholder, C.Z. Lu, X. Zhao, M.E. Gottesman, and C.A. Gross. 1998. Interaction of the Hsp70 molecular chaperone, DnaK, with its cochaperone DnaJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95(26):15223-8.

de las Peñas A., L. Connolly, and C.A. Gross. 1997. sigmaE is an essential sigma factor in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 179(21):6862-4.

Connolly L., A. de las Peñas , B.M. Alba, and C.A. Gross. 1997. The response to extracytoplasmic stress in Escherichia coli is controlled by partially overlapping pathways. Genes Dev. 11(15):2012-21.

de las Peñas A., L. Connolly, and C.A. Gross. 1997. The sigmaE-mediated response to extracytoplasmic stress in Escherichia coli is transduced by RseA and RseB, two negative regulators of sigmaE. Mol Microbiol. 24(2):373-85.

Rouviére P.E., and C.A. Gross. 1996. SurA, a periplasmic protein with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, participates in the assembly of outer membrane porins. Genes Dev. 10(24):3170-82.

Wild J., P. Rossmeissl, W.A. Walter, and C.A. Gross. 1996. Involvement of the DnaK-DnaJ-GrpE chaperone team in protein secretion in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 1996 178(12):3608-13.

Mecsas, J., R. Welch, J.W.Erickson, and C. A. Gross. 1995. Identification and characterization of an outer membrane protein, OmpX, in Escherichia coli that is homologous to a family of outer membrane proteins including Ail of Yersinia. J. Bacteriol. 177: 799-804.

Rouviére, P.E., A. de las Peñas, J. Mecsas, C.Z. Lu, K.E. Rudd and C.A. Gross. 1995. rpoE, the gene encoding the second heat-shock sigma factor, sigmaE, in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 14: 1032.

Kamath-Loeb, A., C.Z. Lu, W.C. Suh, M.A. Lonetto, and C.A. Gross. 1995. Analysis of three DnaK mutant proteins suggests that progression through the ATPase cycle requires conformational changes. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30051-30059

Wild, J., W.A. Walter, C.A. Gross and E. Altman. 1993. Accumulation of secretory protein precursors in E. coli induces the heat shock response. J. Bacteriology. 175: 3992-3997.

Mecsas, J., P.E. Rouvi é re, J.W. Erickson, T.J. Donohue and C.A. Gross. 1993. The activity of sigmaE, an Escherichia coli heat-inducible sigma factor, is modulated by expression of outer membrane proteins. Genes and Dev. 7: 2618-2628.

Zhou, Y.N., W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1992. A mutant sigma32 with a small deletion in conserved region 3 of sigma has reduced affinity for core RNA polymerase. J. Bacteriol. 174: 5005-5012.

Zhou, Y.N. and C.A. Gross. 1992. How a mutation in the gene encoding sigma70 suppresses the defective heat shock response caused by a mutation in the gene encoding sigma32. J. Bacteriol. 174: 7128-7137.

Wild, J., E. Altman, T. Yura and C.A. Gross. 1992. The DnaK and DnaJ heat shock proteins participate in protein export in E. coli. Genes and Dev. 6: 1165-1172.

Wild, J., A. Kamath-Loeb, E. Ziegelhoffer, M. Lonetto, Y. Kawasaki and C.A. Gross. 1992. Partial loss of function mutations in DnaK, the E. coli homologue of the 70-kDa heat shock proteins, affect highly conserved amino acids implicated in ATP binding and hydrolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89: 7139-7143.

Shi, W., Y.N. Zhou, J. Wild, J. Adler and C.A. Gross. 1992. DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE are required for flagellum synthesis in E. coli. J. Bacteriology. 174: 6256-6263.

Kamath-Loeb, A.S. and C.A. Gross. 1991. Translational regulation of sigma32 synthesis - requirement for an internal control element. J. Bacteriol. 173: 3904-3906.

Straus D., W. Walter, and C.A. Gross. 1994. DnaK, DnaJ, and GrpE heat shock proteins negatively regulate heat shock gene expression by controlling the synthesis and stability of sigma32. Genes Dev. 4:2202-9.

Gross, C.A., D.B. Straus, J.W. Erickson and T. Yura. 1989. The function and regulation of heat shock proteins in E. coli. In: The role of the heat shock or stress response in biology and medicine. Cold Spring Harbor.

Erickson, J. and C.A. Gross. 1989. Identification of the sigmaE subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Genes Dev. 3: 1462-1471.

Straus, D.B., W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1989. The activity of sigma32 is reduced under conditions of excess heat shock protein production in E. coli. Genes Dev. 3: 2003-2010.

Straus, D.B., W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1988. Escherichia coli heat shock gene mutants are defective in proteolysis. Genes Dev. 2: 1851-1858.

Zhou, Y.-N., N. Kusukawa, J.W. Erickson, C.A. Gross and T. Yura. 1988. Isolation and characterization of E. coli mutants that lack the heat shock sigma factor sigma32. J. Bacteriol. 170: 3540-3649.

Erickson, J., V. Vaughn, W.A. Walter, F.C. Neidhardt and C.A. Gross. 1987. Regulation of the promoters and transcripts of rpoH, the Escherichia coli heat shock regulatory gene. Genes Dev. 1: 419-432.

Grossman, A., D. Straus, W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1987. sigma32 synthesis can regulate the synthesis of heat shock proteins in Escherichia coli. Genes Dev. 1: 179-184.

Straus, D.B., W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1987. The heat shock response of E. coli is regulated by changes in the concentration of sigma32. Nature. 329: 348-351.

*Bahl, H., H. Echols, D.B. Straus, D. Court, R. Crowl and C.P. Georgopoulos. 1987. Induction of the heat shock response of E. coli through stabilization of sigma32 by the phage lambda cIII protein. Genes Dev. 1: 57-64.

*Tilly, K., J. Erickson, S. Sharma and C. Georgopoulos. 1986. Heat shock regulatory gene rpoH mRNA level increases after heat shock in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 168: 1155-1158.

Cowing, D.W., J.C. Bardwell, E.A. Craig, C. Woolford, R.W. Hendrix and C.A. Gross. 1985. Consensus sequence for Escherichia coli heat shock gene promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82: 2679-2683.

Grossman, A.D., W.E. Taylor, Z.F. Burton, R.R. Burgess and C.A. Gross. 1985. Stringent response in Escherichia coli induces expression of heat shock proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 186: 357-365.

Grossman, A.D., J.W. Erickson, and C.A. Gross. 1984. The htpR gene product of E. coli is a sigma factor for heat shock promoters. Cell. 38: 383-390.

*Landick, R.V. Vaughn, E.T. Lau, R.A. Van Bogelen, J.W. Erickson and F.C. Neidhardt. 1984. Nucleotide sequence of the heat shock regulatory gene of E. coli suggests its protein product may be a transcription factor. Cell. 38: 175-182.

Taylor, W.E., D.B. Straus, A.D. Grossman, Z.F. Burton, C.A. Gross and R.R.Burgess. 1984. Transcription from a heat-inducible promoter causes heat shock regulation of the sigma subunits of E. coli RNA polymerase. Cell. 38: 371-381.

Baker, T.A., A.D. Grossman and C.A. Gross. 1984. A gene regulating the heat shock response in Escherichia coli also affects proteolysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81: 6779-6783.

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Genetics and Biochemistry of E. coli RNA Polymerase

Young BA, Gruber TM, Gross CA. 2004. Minimal machinery of RNA polymerase holoenzyme sufficient for promoter melting. Science. 303(5662):1382-4.

Campbell E.A., Tupy J.L., Gruber T.M., Wang S., Sharp M.M., Gross C.A., Darst, S.A. 2003. Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli sigmaE with the Cytoplasmic Domain of Its Anti-sigma RseA. Mol. Cell. 11:1067-1078.

Young B.A., Anthony L.C., Gruber T.M., Arthur T.M., Heyduk E., Lu C.Z., Sharp M.M., Heyduk T., Burgess R.R., Gross C.A. 2001. A coiled-coil from the RNA polymerase beta' subunit allosterically induces selective nontemplate strand binding by sigma70. Cell. 105(7):935-44.

Gruber T.M., Markov D., Sharp M.M., Young B.A., Lu C.Z., Zhong H.J., Artsimovitch I., Geszvain K.M., Arthur T.M., Burgess R.R., Landick R., Severinov K., Gross C.A. 2001. Binding of the initiation factor sigma70 to core RNA polymerase is a multistep process. Mol. Cell. 8(1):21-31.

Chan C.L., Gross CA. 2001. The Anti-initial Transcribed Sequence, a Portable Sequence That Impedes Promoter Escape, Requires sigma70 for Function. J. Biol. Chem. 276(41):38201-9.

Cicero M.P., Sharp M.M., Gross C.A., Kreuzer K.N. 2001. Substitutions in bacteriophage T4 AsiA and Escherichia coli sigma70 that suppress T4 motA activation mutations. J. Bacteriol. 183(7):2289-97.

Sharp M.M., C.L. Chan, C.Z. Lu, M.T. Marr, S. Nechaev, E.W. Merritt, K. Severinov, J.W. Roberts, and C.A. Gross. 1999. The interface of sigma with core RNA polymerase is extensive, conserved, and functionally specialized. Genes Dev. 13(22):3015-26.

Lonetto, M.A., V. Rhodius, K. Lamberg, P. Kiley, S. Busby, and C. Gross. 1998. Identification of a contact site for different transcription activators in region 4 of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase sigma70 subunit. JMB. 284(5):1353-65.

Tavormina P.L., R. Landick, and C.A. Gross. 1996. Isolation, purification, and in vitro characterization of recessive-lethal-mutant RNA polymerases from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 178(17):5263-71.

Dombroski A.J., B.D. Johnson, M. Lonetto, and C.A. Gross. 1996. The sigma subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase senses promoter spacing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93(17):8858-62.

Heisler L.M., G.Feng, D.J. Jin, C.A. Gross, and R. Landick. 1996. Amino acid substitutions in the two largest subunits of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that suppress a defective Rho termination factor affect different parts of the transcription complex. J Biol Chem. 271(24):14572-83.

Tavormina, P., W. Reznikoff, and C. A. Gross. 1996. Identifying interacting regions in the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. J. Molec. Biol. 258(2): 213-23.

*Potúcková, G.H. Kelemen, K.C. Findlay, M.A. Lonetto, M.J. Buttner, and J. Kormanec. 1995. A new RNA polymerase sigma factor, sigmaF, is required for the late stages of morphological differentiation in Streptomyces spp. Molec. Microbiol. 17: 37-48.

Tavormina, P., R. Landick, and C. A. Gross. 1996. Isolation and characterization of defective Escherichia coli RNA polymerase rpoB mutations. J. Bacteriol. 178(17): 5263-71.

*Lonetto, M., K.L. Brown, K. Rudd and M.J. Buttner. 1994. Analysis of the Streptomyces coelicolor sigE gene reveals a new sub-family of eubacterial RNA polymerase sigma factors involved in the regulation of extracytoplasmic function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91: 7573-7577.

McDowell, J., J.Roberts, D.J. Jin, and C.A. Gross. 1994. Intrinsic transcription termination efficiency is determined by RNA polymerase elongation rate. Science. 266: 822-825.

Singer, M., D.J. Jin, W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1993. Genetic evidence for the interaction between cluster I and cluster III rifampicin resistant mutations. J. Mol. Biol. 231: 1-5.

Dombroski, A.J., W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1993. Amino-terminal Amino Acids Modulate Sigma Factor DNA Binding Activity. Genes Dev. 7: 2446-2455.

Dombroski A.J., W.A. Walter, and C.A. Gross. 1993. The role of the sigma subunit in promoter recognition by RNA polymerase. Cell Mol Biol Res. 39(4):311-7.

Heisler, L.M., H. Suzuki, R. Landick and C.A. Gross. 1993. Amino-terminal Amino Acids Modulate Sigma Factor DNA Binding Activity. Genes Dev. 7: 2446-2455.

Heisler, L.M., H. Suzuki, R. Landick and C.A. Gross. 1993. Four contiguous amino acids define the target for streptolydigin resistance in the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 25369-25375.

Jin, D.J., R.R. Burgess, J.P. Richardson and C.A. Gross. 1992. Termination efficiency at Rho-dependent terminators depends on "kinetic coupling" between RNA plymerase and Rho. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 1453-1457.

Dombroski, A.J., W.A. Walter, M.T. Record, D.A. Siegele and C.A.Gross. 1992. Polypeptides containing highly conserved regions of Transcription initiation factor sigma70 exhibit specificity of binding to promoter DNA. Cell. 70: 501-512.

Jin, D.J. and C.A. Gross. 1991. RpoB8, a rifampicin-resistant termination proficient RNA polymerase, has an increased Km for purine nucleotides during transcription elongation. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14478-14485.

Mecsas, J., D.W. Cowing, and C.A. Gross. 1991. Development of RNA polymerase-promoter contacts during open complex formation. J. Mol. Biol. 220: 585-97.

*Hager, D., D.J. Jin, and R.R. Burgess. 1990. Use of MonoQ high resolution ion exchange chromatography to obtain pure and active E. coli RNA polymerase. Biochemistry. 29: 7890-7894.

Jin, D.J. and C.A. Gross. 1989. Three rpoBC mutations that suppress the termination defects of rho mutants also affect the functions of nusA mutants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 216: 269-275.

Siegele, D.A., J.C. Hu, W.A. Walter, and C.A. Gross. 1989. Altered promoter recognition by mutant forms of the sigma70 subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. J. Mol. Biol. 206: 591-603.

Cowing, D.W. and C.A. Gross. 1989. The interaction of E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing sigma32 with heat shock promoters: DNase I footprinting and methylation protection. J. Mol. Biol. 210: 513-520.

Cowing, D.W., J. Mecsas, M.T. Record, Jr., and C.A. Gross. 1989. Intermediates in the formation of the open complex by RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma factor sigma32 at the groE promoter. J. Mol. Biol. 210: 521-530.

Jin, D.J. and C.A. Gross. 1989. Characterization of the pleiotropic phenotypes of E. coli rifampicin resistant mutants. J. Bact. 171: 5229-5231.

Jin, D.J. and C.A. Gross. 1988. Mapping and sequencing of mutations in the E. coli rpoB gene that lead to rifampicin resistance. J. Mol. Biol. 202: 45-58.

Jin, D.J., W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1988. Characterization of the termination phenotypes of rifampicin resistant mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 202: 245-253.

Jin, D.J., M. Cashel, D.I. Friedman, Y. Nakamura, W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1988. The effects of rifampicin resistant rpoB mutations on antitermination and interaction with NusA in E. coli. J. Mol Bio. 204: 247-261.

Hu, J.C. and C.A. Gross. 1988. Mutations in rpoD that increase expression of genes in the mal regulon of Escherichia coli K12. J. Mol. Biol. 203: 15-27.

Siegele, D.A., J.C. Hu and C.A. Gross. 1988. Mutations in rpoD, the gene encoding the sigma70 subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase that increase expression of the lac operon in the absence of CAP-cAMP. J. Mol. Biol. 203: 29-37.

Hu, J.C. and C.A. Gross. 1985. Mutations in the sigma subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase which affect positive control of transcription. Mol. Gen. Genet. 199: 7-13.

Gross, C.A., A.D. Grossman, H. Liebke, W.A. Walter and R.R. Burgess. 1984. Effects of the mutant sigma allele rpoD800 on the synthesis of specific macromolecular components of the E. coli K12 cell. J. Mol. Biol. 172: 283-300.

Grossman, A. D., A. Ullmann, R.R. Burgess and C.A. Gross. 1984. Regulation of the cAMP synthesis in E. coli K12: Effects of the rpoD800 sigma mutation, glucose and chloramphenicol. J. Bacteriol. 158: 110-114.

Grossman, A. D., R.R. Burgess, W.A. Walter and C.A. Gross. 1983. Mutations in the lon gene of E. coli K12 phenotypically suppress a mutation in the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase. Cell. 32: 151-159.

Burton, Z.F., C.A. Gross, K.K. Watanabe and R.R. Burgess. 1983. The operon that encodes the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase also encodes ribosomal protein S21 and DNA primase in E. coli K12. Cell. 32: 335-349.

Hu, J. and C.A. Gross. 1983. Marker rescue with plasmids bearing deletions in rpoD identifies a dispensable part of E. coli sigma factor. Molec. Gen. Genet. 191: 492-498.

Lowe, P., U. Aebi, C.A. Gross and R.R. Burgess. 1981. In vitro thermal inactivation of a temperature sensitive sigma subunit mutant (rpoD800) of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase proceeds by aggregation. J. Biol. Chem. 256: 2010-2015.

Burton, Z., R.R. Burgess, J. Lin, D. Moore, S. Holder and C.A. Gross. 1981. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned rpoD gene for the RNA polymerase sigma subunit from E. coli K12. Nucl. Acid Res. 9: 2889-2903.

Liebke, H., C.A. Gross, W.A. Walter and R.R. Burgess. 1980. A new mutation rpoD800 affecting the sigma subunit is allelic to two other sigma mutants. Mol. Gen. Genet. 177: 277-282.

Burgess, R.R., C.A. Gross, W.A. Walter and P. Lowe. 1979. Altered chemical properties in three mutants of E. coli RNA polymerase sigma subunit. Mol. Gen. Genet. 175: 251-257.

Gross, C.A., F. Blattner, W. Taylor, P. Lowe and R.R. Burgess. 1979. Isolation and characterization of transducing phage coding for sigma subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 76: 5789-5793.

Gross, C.A., J. Hoffman, C. Ward, D. Hager, G. Burdick, H. Berger and R.R. Burgess. 1978. A mutation affecting thermostability of the sigma subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase lies near the dnaG locus at about 66 min on the E. coli genetic map. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 75: 427-431.

deHaseth PL; Gross CA; Burgess RR; Record MT Jr. 1977 Measurement of binding constants for protein-DNA interactions by DNA-cellulose chromatography. Biochem. 16: 4777-4783.

Engbaek, F., C.A. Gross and R.R. Burgess. 1976. Quantitation of RNA polymerase subunits in Escherichia coli during exponential growth and after bacteriophage T4 infection. Molec. Gen. Genet. 143: 291-295.

Engbaek, F., C.A. Gross and R.R. Burgess. 1976. Biosynthesis of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase subunits upon release of rifampicin inhibition. Molec. Gen. Genet. 143: 297-299.

Gross, C., F. Engbaek, T. Flammang and R.R. Burgess. 1976. A rapid micro-purification for E. coli DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the preparation of bacterial extracts active in RNA synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 128: 382-389.

Burgess, R.R., C.A. Gross and F. Engbaek. 1976. Cysteine and methioinine content of the E. coli RNA polymerase subuntis. J. Bacteriol. 128: 389-393.

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Genomic Analysis of E. coli Gene Regulation

*Khodursky AB, Bernstein JA, Peter BJ, Rhodius V, Wendisch VF, Zimmer DP. 2003. Escherichia coli spotted double-strand DNA microarrays: RNA extraction, labeling, hybridization, quality control, and data management.
Methods Mol Biol. 224:61-78.

Li H, Rhodius V, Gross C, Siggia ED. 2002. Identification of the binding sites of regulatory proteins in bacterial genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:11772-11777.

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Reviews & Book Chapters

Gruber TM, Gross CA. 2003. Multiple sigma subunits and the partitioning of bacterial transcription space. Annu Rev Microbiol. 57:441-66.

Gruber TM, Gross CA. 2003. Assay of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: sigma-core interactions. Methods Enzymol. 370:206-12.

Rhodius VA, LaRossa RA. 2003. Uses and pitfalls of microarrays for studying transcriptional regulation. Curr Opin Microbiol. 6(2):114-9.

Rhodius V, Van Dyk TK, Gross C, LaRossa RA. 2002. Impact of genomic technologies on studies of bacterial gene expression. Annu Rev Microbiol. 56:599-624.

Young BA, Gruber TM, Gross CA. 2002. Views of transcription initiation.
Cell. 109:417-420.

Herman, C. and C.A. Gross. 2000. Heat stress. In: Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Vol. 2:598-606. Academic Press.

Connolly, L., T. Yura, C.A. Gross. 1999. Autoregulation of the Heat Shock Response in Procaryotes. In: Molecular Chaperones and Folding Catalysts: Regulation, Cellular Function and Mechanisms. pp. 13-33. Bernd Bukau, Ed. Harwood Academic Publishers Amsterdam.

Gross, C.A., C. Chan, A. Dombroski, T. Gruber, M. Sharp, J. Tupy, and B. Young. 1998. The functional and regulatory roles of sigma factors in transcription. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 63:141-55.

Chan, C.L., M.A. Lonetto, and C.A. Gross. 1996. Sigma domain structure: one down, one to go. Structure. 4(11):1235-8.

Gross, C.A., C.L. Chan, M.A. Lonetto. 1996. A structure/function analysis of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 351(1339):475-82. Review.

Lonetto, M., M. Gribskov, and C.A. Gross.1992. The sigma70 family: sequence conservation and evolutionary relationships. J. Bacteriol. 174: 3843-49. Review.

Gross, C.A., M. Lonetto and R. Losick. 1992. Bacterial sigma factors. In: Transcription Regulation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Craig, E.A. and C.A. Gross. 1991. HSP70--The cellular thermometer? TIBS. 16: 135-140.

Singer, M., T.A. Baker, G. Schnitzler, S.M. Deischel, M. Goel, W. Dove, K.J. Jaacks, A.D. Grossman, J.W. Erickson and C.A. Gross. 1989. A collection of strains containing genetically linked alternating antibiotic resistance elements for genetic mapping of Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 53: 1-24.

Reznikoff, W.S., D.A. Siegele, D.W. Cowing and C.A. Gross. 1985. The regulation of transcription initiation in bacteria. Ann. Rev. Genet. 19: 335-387.

Engbaek, F. C.A. Gross and R.R. Burgess. 1976. Biosynthesis of RNA polymerase. In: (Kjeldgaard and Maaloe, eds.), Control of Ribosome Synthesis, Alfred Benzon Symposium IX, pp 117-125.

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Additional Topics

Singer M., P. Rossmiessl, B.M. Cali, H. Liebke, and C.A. Gross. 1991. The Escherichia coli ts8 mutation is an allele of fda, the gene encoding fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase. J Bacteriol. 173(19):6242-8.

Singer, M., W.A. Walter, B.M. Cali, H. Liebke, R.L. Gourse and C.A. Gross. 1991. Physiological effect of the fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase ts8 mutation on stable RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 173: 6249-6257.

Baker, T.A., M.M. Howe and C.A. Gross. 1983. Mu dX, a derivative of Mu d1 (lac ApR) which makes stable lacZ fusions at high temperature. J. Bacteriol. 156: 970-974.

deHaseth P.L., Gross C.A., Burgess R.R., Record M.T. Jr. 1977 Measurement of binding constants for protein-DNA interactions by DNA-cellulose chromatography. Biochemistry. 16(22):4777-83.

von Hippel P.H., Revzin A., Gross C.A., Wang A.C. 1974 Non-specific DNA binding of genome regulating proteins as a biological control mechanism: I. The lac operon: equilibrium aspects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 71(12):4808-12.

Laiken S.L., Gross C.A., Von Hippel P.H. 1972 Equilibrium and kinetic studies of Escherichia coli lac repressor-inducer interactions. J Mol Biol. 66(1):143-55.

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